Lesson 13 of 13 · 13 min
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Next Toppers - 11th ScienceWhole chapter · Hinglish
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Must-know facts
20 facts
- 01Tap root: mustard. Fibrous root: wheat. Adventitious roots: grass, Monstera, banyan.
- 02Root tip from apex back: root cap, meristematic region, region of elongation, region of maturation (root hairs).
- 03Stem grows from the plumule; root from the radicle. Only the stem has nodes and internodes.
- 04Leaf base sheath: monocots. Pulvinus: swollen leaf base in some legumes.
- 05Reticulate venation: dicots. Parallel venation: most monocots.
- 06Axillary bud: in the axil of the petiole, never in the axil of a leaflet.
- 07Pinnately compound: neem (rachis). Palmately compound: silk cotton.
- 08Phyllotaxy: alternate (china rose, mustard, sunflower), opposite (Calotropis, guava), whorled (Alstonia).
- 09Racemose: axis keeps growing, acropetal. Cymose: axis ends in a flower, basipetal.
- 10Actinomorphic: mustard, datura, chilli. Zygomorphic: pea, gulmohur, bean, Cassia. Asymmetric: canna.
- 11Superior ovary (hypogynous): mustard, china rose, brinjal. Half inferior (perigynous): plum, rose, peach. Inferior (epigynous): guava, cucumber, sunflower ray florets.
- 12Aestivation: valvate (Calotropis), twisted (china rose, lady's finger, cotton), imbricate (Cassia, gulmohur), vexillary (pea, bean).
- 13Epipetalous: brinjal. Epiphyllous: lily. Monoadelphous: china rose. Diadelphous: pea. Polyadelphous: citrus.
- 14Apocarpous: lotus, rose. Syncarpous: mustard, tomato.
- 15Placentation: marginal (pea), axile (china rose, tomato, lemon), parietal (mustard, Argemone), free central (Dianthus, Primrose), basal (sunflower, marigold).
- 16Drupe: mango and coconut, from a monocarpellary superior ovary, one-seeded; coconut mesocarp is fibrous.
- 17Endospermic dicot: castor. Non-endospermous: bean, gram, pea. Non-endospermic monocot: orchids.
- 18Maize seed: aleurone layer, scutellum, coleoptile over the plumule, coleorhiza over the radicle.
- 19Mustard (Brassicaceae): ⊕ ⚥ K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2).
- 20Solanaceae: ⊕ ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), epipetalous, axile placentation, berry or capsule.
Common traps
Where marks are lost
Key terms
20 terms
- Adventitious root
- A root that grows from any part other than the radicle.
- Root cap
- The thimble-shaped cover protecting the root apex.
- Node
- The point on a stem where leaves arise; the stretch between two nodes is an internode.
- Pulvinus
- The swollen leaf base seen in some leguminous plants.
- Rachis
- The common axis of a pinnately compound leaf, standing for its midrib.
- Phyllotaxy
- The pattern in which leaves are arranged on a stem or branch.
- Inflorescence
- The way flowers are arranged on the floral axis.
- Thalamus
- The swollen end of the pedicel on which the floral whorls sit; also called the receptacle.
- Perianth
- Calyx and corolla together when they cannot be told apart, as in lily.
- Aestivation
- How sepals or petals are arranged in the bud relative to others of the same whorl.
- Staminode
- A sterile stamen.
- Epipetalous
- Stamens attached to the petals.
- Syncarpous
- A gynoecium whose carpels are fused; free carpels are apocarpous.
- Placentation
- The arrangement of ovules inside the ovary.
- Parthenocarpic fruit
- A fruit formed without fertilisation of the ovary.
- Drupe
- A one-seeded fruit from a monocarpellary superior ovary with a stony endocarp, such as mango.
- Hilum
- The scar on the seed coat where the seed was attached to the fruit.
- Scutellum
- The single large shield-shaped cotyledon of a cereal embryo.
- Aleurone layer
- The proteinous outer layer of the endosperm in a maize grain.
- Coleoptile
- The sheath around the plumule of a monocot embryo; the coleorhiza sheaths the radicle.