Biology · Class 12 · Chapter 9
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
11 lessons111 min11 simulations10 practice questions
This chapter explains how genes are moved between organisms. It starts with what biotechnology means. It then covers the tools of recombinant DNA technology: restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, cloning vectors and competent hosts. The processes come next: isolating and cutting DNA, amplifying it by PCR, putting it into a host and selecting transformants. It ends by growing the product in bioreactors and purifying it by downstream processing.
Also called: recombinant DNA technology · genetic engineering · PCR · restriction enzymes
Lessons
11 lessons · 111 min
01What biotechnology isNCERT §9 (chapter introduction)6 min02Principles of genetic engineeringNCERT §9.17 min03Restriction enzymesNCERT §9.2, §9.2.113 min2 sims04Gel electrophoresisNCERT §9.2.1 (separation and isolation of DNA fragments)9 min1 sim05Cloning vectorsNCERT §9.2.2 (i)-(iii)16 min3 sims06Plant and animal vectors, and competent hostsNCERT §9.2.2 (iv), §9.2.310 min1 sim07Isolating and cutting DNANCERT §9.3, §9.3.1, §9.3.29 min1 sim08PCRNCERT §9.3.313 min2 sims09Inserting DNA and getting the productNCERT §9.3.4, §9.3.59 min1 sim10Bioreactors and downstream processingNCERT §9.3.5, §9.3.66 min11Chapter reviewMust-know facts, traps and formulas13 min
Simulations
11 in this chapter
Palindrome hunt: where a restriction enzyme can bindIn: Restriction enzymesSticky ends: cut with one enzyme, join with ligaseIn: Restriction enzymesAgarose gel electrophoresis: small fragments run fartherIn: Gel electrophoresispBR322: finding recombinants by replica platingIn: Cloning vectorsBlue-white screening: colourless colonies carry the insertIn: Cloning vectorsOnly DNA linked to an ori is copiedIn: Cloning vectorsHeat shock: getting DNA into E. coliIn: Plant and animal vectors, and competent hostsIsolating DNA: open the cell, clean up, spoolIn: Isolating and cutting DNAPCR: copies double every cycleIn: PCROne PCR cycle: set the three temperaturesIn: PCRBatch or continuous cultureIn: Inserting DNA and getting the product